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::Index for motoring in France:: On first arriving in France - driving Motorway aires, introduction Mas d'Agenais, A62: country idyll Pech Loubat, A61: in the land of the Cathars Les Pyrénées, A64: le Tour de France Les Bréguières, A8: motor museum Lozay, A10: Romanesque statues and other masonry Hastingues, A64: the pilgrimage of Compostelle and a local bastide Chateau de Salses/Catalan village, A9 Three aires on the canal du midi, A61 Ayguesvives aire, A61 Renneville aire, A61 Port-lauragais aire, A61 Aires on the magnificent A75 autoroute Tavel nord aire, A9 - Nef solaire, giant sundials The viaduct de Millau, A10 Roundabout Art of Les Landes

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the French umbrella & Aurillac

roundabout art of Les Landes

50 years old: Citroën DS

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Motorway Aires

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bastide towns

mardi gras! carnival in Basque country

what a hair cut! m & french pop/rock

country life in France: the poultry fair

the greatest show on Earth - the Tour de France

short biography of Pierre (Peter) Abelard

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in les landes

The département of Les Landes in south-western France is a surreal, other-worldly place. Formerly nicknamed the French Sahara, Les Landes has been settled by friendly French people who take the fun part of living very seriously. Much of this ‘other world’ centres on the ever-present forest, but there are other captivating features to Les Landes that we will sketch out here.

Les Landes is a place of change. Once unsalubrious marshes and dunes, it was then covered by pine forest, much exploited for the resins as well as the timber. Now, today’s Les Landes is developing a vibrant and modern mixed economy, from timber and timber products to its role as a major holiday destination, with empty countryside and the extensive beaches, surf and seaside towns.

places

the forest: thérèse desqueyroux

Thérèse Desqueyroux, a novel written by Francois Mauriac and published in 1927, is set in the depths of the Landais forest in the early 20th century. Although the story is rather emotional and dark, the descriptions of the forest and heath landscapes, forest fires, and life relating to life in an industrial forest, provide useful and interesting glimpses into the world of the Landes forest that was, and still is, so different to that in which most other town and rural people live. Of course, now Les Landes is much richer than the society of which François Muariac wrote.

Here we offer various excerpts that give the feel of the quiet, of the whispering trees, the emptiness and isolation, the strong weather. The excerpts are taken from the translation by Gerard Hopkins ( the page numbers refer to the edition listed in end note 1).

p.21 DESCRIPTION
… she saw in imagination bicycling through those mornings of the long ago upon the road that led from Saint-Clair to Argelouse, about nine o’clock, before the heat of the day had grown intolerable: not him, but his sister Anne. She had a vision of the girl with her face aglow, while all around the cicadas were kindling into little flickers of flame on each successive pine, and the great furnace of the heath was beginning to roar beneath the sky. Millions of flies rose in a cloud above the blazing ling. "Put on your coat before you come indoors; it's like an ice-house." Aunt Clara would say, adding, "Wait till you've cooled down before you have a drink." …

p.22 - 23 Even at dusk, when the sun had come so near its setting that only the very lowest sections of the pine trunks were reddened with its light, and a belated cicada was still scraping away for dear life almost at ground-level, there was still an airless heat beneath the oaks.

When September came they could venture out after luncheon and wander through the parched land. No tiniest stream of water flowed at Argelouse. Only by walking a long way over the sandy heath could they hope to reach the head-waters of the rivulet which went by the name of La Hure. It carved a myriad courses through low-lying meadows laced with alder-roots. Their feet turned numb in the ice-cold current, and then, no sooner dry, were burning hot again. They would seek the shelter of one of the huts set up in October for the guns who went out after duck. It served them as the shuttered drawing-room had done earlier in the year.

p.26 BUSINESS, FIRE
[...] she had stayed behind with the men, held there by the talk of farm matters and pit-props, of mineral deposits and turpentine. She took a passionate delight in estimating the value of land. There could be little doubt that the idea of controlling so great a stretch of forest territory had exercised over her an irresistible fascination. ‘He, too, was in love with my trees ...’
[...] they had once walked together down the sandy track which led from Argelouse to Vilméja. The shrivelled oak-leaves were still showing as dirty patches against the blue. The dried tangle of last year's bracken was thick upon the ground, the tender stalks of new growth striking a note of bright and acid green. Bernard said: "Be careful of your cigarette. Even at this time of year it might start a fire. The heath is already without water."

p.36 UNSALUBRIOUSNESS OF LES LANDES
"The Azévédos were somebody when our ancestors were a miserable lot of shepherds shaking with fever in the marshes."


p.51 PROPERTY
The tragedy of the class war was never really forced on her attention in a countryside where even the poorest have some property, and are for ever striving to amass more; where a common love of the soil, of shooting, of food and of drink, creates between all-middle and labouring class alike-a close bond of brotherhood. But Bernard had, in addition, some degree of education. The neighbours said of him that he had got out of his rut, and even Thérèse took pleasure in the thought that he was the kind of man with whom it was possible to carry on some sort of rational conversation, a man who had "risen superior to his environment ." or so she regarded him until she met Jean Azévédo.

53 WALKING
… I had decided to go to the lonely hut where Anne and I used to eat our little snacks, and where I knew she had later loved to meet young Azévédo. I didn't regard it in the light of a sentimental pilgrimage. What took me there was the knowledge that the trees had grown too big to make bird-watching easy, and that, consequently, I ran little risk of disturbing the guns. The hut was no longer used for shooting because the forest all around blotted out the horizon. There were no long, open drives in which it was possible to follow the movement of the coveys. The October sun was still hot. The sandy path hurt my feet, the flies plagued me.

61 SILENCE
All around us was the silence: the silence of Argelouse! People who have never lived in that lost corner of the heath-country can have no idea what silence means. It stands like a wall about the house, and the house itself seems as though it were set solid in the dense mass of the forest, whence comes no sign of life, save occasionally the hooting of an owl. (At night I could almost believe that I heard the sob I was at such pains to stifle.)

'It was after Azévédo had gone that I got to know that silence. So long as I was sure that he would come to me with the new day the thought of his presence robbed the smothering dark of ail its terrors. The fact that he was lying asleep nearby gave me a feeling that the night and all the sweep of moorland was rich with life […] I have an impression that, being a bred-in-the-bone Parisian, he could not bear the silence, the particular silence of Argelouse, any longer,[…]

70 LOVE OF PINES/ FIRE
Week followed week without so much as a drop of rain.

Bernard lived in constant terror of fire. He was suffering from his heart again. More than a thousand acres had been burned over at Louchats. "If the wind had been from the north I should have lost my Balisac pines." Thérèse was in a state of waiting for she knew not what to fall from the immutable sky. It would never rain again. One day the whole surrounding forest would crackle into flame, even the town itself would not be spared. Why was it that the heath villages never caught fire? It seemed to her unjust that it should always be the trees that the flames chose, never the human beings. In the family circle there was a never-ending discussion about what caused these disasters. Was it a discarded cigarette, or was it deliberate mischief? Thérèse liked to imagine that one of these nights she would get up, leave the house, reach the most inflammable part of the forest, throw away her cigarette, and watch the great column of smoke stain the dawn sky . . . But she drove the thought from her, for the love of pine-trees was in her blood. It was not them that she hated.

91 TORMENTED TREE TOPS
On the last night of October a wild wind from the Atlantic tossed the tormented tree-tops for hours together. In a half-sleep, Thérèse lay and listened to the thunder of the sea. But when she woke at dawn it was to a different sound. She opened the shutters, but the darkness of the room was unrelieved. A thin, dense rain was falling on the cobbles of the yard and pattering between the still thick foliage of the oaks.

97 DEEP MURMUR
A gust of wind blew it open, and the chill night air filled the room. Thérèse could not muster sufficient energy to throw back the bedclothes, to get up and cross the room on bare feet to shut it. She lay curled in the bed, the sheet drawn halfway over her face, so that only on her eyes and forehead did she feel the icy blast. The deep murmur of the pines filled Argelouse, but, despite this sound, as of a fretting sea, the silence of the place was there. If she were really in love with suffering (she thought) she would not lie huddled thus beneath the bedclothes. She tried to throw them off a little, but could not long endure the cold.
109
She played in imagination with the idea of going back to the sad and secret land-of spending a lifetime of meditation and self-discipline in the silence of Argelouse, there to set forth on the great adventure of the human soul, the search for God ....

FIRE
"There was-it was on the day of the great fire at Mano."

[...] She found it odd to conjure up the picture of that oppressive afternoon with its pall of smoke through which the blue looked dimmed and sooty, to smell again the acrid scent as of torches which comes from burning pines.

115 LOVE OF PLACE / MOANING PINES
[...] she had been longing to drive with Bernard along the road to Villandraut in the evening light between the ominous pines! What did it matter-the sort of country one was fond of, pines or maples, sea or plain? Life alone was interesting, people of flesh and blood. 'It is not the bricks and mortar that I love, nor even the lectures and museums, but the living human forest that fills the streets, the creatures tom by passions more violent than any storm. The moaning of the pines at Argelouse in the darkness of the night thrilled me only because it had an almost human sound!'

For descriptions of work in the Landes forest, look at these associated pages:
before the forest, working in the forest: lumber,
the forestry industry: resinous and other forest products

 

• chalosse

  The Revolutionary policy of divide and rule was to ensure that no region could rely on united local support. Thus Chalosse, now in the southern part of Les Landes, was tacked onto the moorland regions further north to make the conglomerate department that is today’s Les Landes. In contrast to the expanses of flat, marshy moorland and industrial forest of the Grande Lande, Chalosse has fertile farmers’ soil.

  Here graze the renowned white, Chalossais cattle. The beef animals are raised for more than three years, being fed on natural feeds of hay and maize to give flavoursome, good quality meat. From the cow’s milk is made the slighty soft and creamy, white Chalossais cheese with its gentle, acid edge. Other farming products come from the large quantities of poultry and ducks, raised for quality. The ducks are mostly fattened, preparation for the local delicacies of foie gras and paté made from the foie gras. Chalosse also produces Landais-type wines.
  
  The characteristic landscape of Chalosse comprises undulating hills, meadows one after another, fields primarily of maize, and woods with but few pines. Villages are relatively close to each other, and the agricultural land is broken into many relatively small fields, unlike the endless Gascogne forests. The result is a pleasant and colourful countryside. The villages, usually dominated by the church often of medieval origin, were mostly built on the high points. This can be seen clearly at Montfort-in-Chalosse, Mugron, Hagetmau, or Saint-Sever.

  In the Chalosse region, there are many traditional festivals that take place from April at October. the page, The poultry fair, gives a flavour of one of these local events.

the adour

Through Chalosse flows the River Adour, that once poured into the Atlantic Ocean at Vieux Boucau. After two attempts, the Adour was successfully diverted to flow to Bayonne, thus making that coastal town, in the neighbouring department of Pyrenees Atlantique, the region’s local major port. The spa town of Dax (d’aquas) sits on both sides of the Adour river, which also flows near other Chalossais towns: Montfort-en-Chalosse, Pomarez, Saint-Sever, Hagetmau.

 

• bas-armagnac

  Grapes are grown for wine in many parts of Les Landes. At Messanges, for instance, are grown grapes to make the local Tursan wine, first introduced to the region by Eleanor of Aquitaine.

  In the Bas-Armagnac region of Les Landes, other wines are distilled to make the more delicate cousin of cognac brandy, l’eau de vie [water of life], that is called armagnac. Visit the region and find the Armagnac Ecomuseum [website, in French] at Garreau near Labastide d’Armagnac, set in a vineyard, where you can see the stages of wine-making and distilling, and afterwards taste and buy the finished product. (Note, the Museum staff may not be able to speak English.). Vines are able to flourish locally thanks to local sands and marine deposits made in the Aquitaine basin during the mid-Miocene epoch (about 11 to 16 million years ago), and contribute to the quality of Bas-Armagnac wines.

  About 3 kilometres from the Armagnac Museum is one of the best preserved bastide towns in France, La Bastide d’Armagnac. This town was French, then English and then French again. The Tourist Office staff is helpful and English-speaking. They will be able to direct you to the chapel for cyclists, Notre-Dame des Cyclistes. This chapel was previously called Notre-Dame de Géou until rededicated by pope John XXIII in 1959. Then, this chapel was converted into a cycling museum in hommage to French racing and touring cyclists. Numerous Tour champions have deposited their shirts there: Darrigade, Anquetil, Bobet, Simpson, Hinault, Poulidor, Merckx, Ocana - even Lance Armstrong’s signed yellow jersy hangs in the chapel. The chapel has stained glass made by an ex-Tour de France cyclist, as well as dozens and dozens of cycling shirts and a small collection of antique cycles, together with a small souvenir stall.

about armagnac

Until the French Revolution, the region of Armagnac was a province of France. Now, the greater part of Armagnac is in Gers, with other parts in Lot-et-Garonne and Les Landes.

It is said that armagnac is the oldest brandy of France, born out of the confluence of three cultures: the vine introduced by the Romans, the still invented by the Arabs, and the barrel which was first made by the Celts.

The appellation designation (Appellation d’Origine Contrôlée or A.O.C.) was allocated in 1905 for armagnac wine. The appelation extends over parts of three departments. In Les Landes, the appellation is held in Bas-Armagnac. In Lot-et-Garonne, the appellation is goes to the Ténarèze region, centered on Condom; while in Gers, it’s held by the Haut-Armagnac (High Armagnac) area. Fifty percent of armagnac production is from Bas-Armagnac, forty-five percent from Ténarèze, with only five percent coming from Haut-Armagnac.

Armagnac is made from a selection of ten grape species. The most popular species is Folle Blanche, with Ugni Blanc, Baco 22a, and Colombard also being widely used. Typically, an armagnac chateau will distill 150 hectolitres of armagnac from 800 hectolitres of wine in a year. As the armagnac ages, it develops its unique flavours of prune, vanilla and even quince. Generally, armagnac is aged for at least 10 years in oak barrels, and this aging time can be as long as 40 years.

Armagnac from Bas-Armagnac is usually regarded as the best quality, because the sandy soil is excellent for the Folle Blanche grape from which it is made. Ténarèze produces a more robust armagnac, grown on a clay soil and drunk in gentlemen’s clubs; while the armagnac from the Haut-Armagnac region is generally weaker, made from the Ugni Blanc grape growing on a chalky soil.

 

• the seaside and lakes

  Les Landes is endowed with La Côte d’Argent - the Silver Coast, 100 miles of white, sandy beach looking west onto the vast expanse of the Atlantic Ocean. The Silver Coast was so named from 1905, when Maurice Martin, a Bordeaux journalist, wrote of the Landais coast:
  “On the two hundred and twenty-eight kilometres of beach, the eternal wave, sometimes calm, sometimes aangry, comes to deposit its silvered fringe at the foot of immaculate dunes.”

The coast is being gradually colonised southwards from Bordeaux to Arcachon and on to towns like Mimizan, and northwards from Bayonne (the major port and town in coastal Pyrenees Atlantique), and even westwards from the larger towns inland, like Dax and Mont-de-Marsan (the department’s capital).

One of the first seaside resort towns to appear was Hossegor. This increasingly cosmopolitan town is now the Landais capital of surfing, and headquarters of surf clothing manufacturers and international surfng competitions. Hossegor is both on the coast and on a salt-water lake. The local environment, being sheltered, has a balmy climate that suits the masses of sweet-scented mimosa trees that bloom in February and March.

During the twentieth century, other sea-side towns have developed to become similar to the British holiday camp phenomenon of, for instance Butlin’s, during the summer season.There are tens of thousannds of visitors, both French and foreign, who come for a seaside vacation, complete with entertainments organised by the town council, local commerce and various associations. Mimizan, Contis, Lit-et-Mixe, Veille-St. Girons, Léon, Moliets, Messanges, Vieux Boucau, Soustons Plage, le Penon, Hossegor and Capbreton are amongst the seaside resorts that offer sand and sea to go with the summer sun.

Note that the Atlantic Ocean is not docile like the sea in the English Channel, and its wild strength is made fiercer by the many rip-tides to which the Silver Coast is prone. Always swim where there are lifeguards (maître-nageurs sauveteurs - MNS) , keeping within the pennants marking the safe swimming area, and obey the warning flags and notices. Most years there are several uncautious swimmers swept to their deaths along this coast. The surfers that you see outside these areas have studied the currents and the tides, do not try to swim just because you see a surfer further out to sea. That does not make that area of sea closer to the beach safe for swimmers.

As part of the draining of the marshes of the moors, lakes were made, often called Étangs. Some of these, such as the one at Vieux Boucau, are recreational lakes with swimming, wind-surfing, fishing and paddle boats; while others are nature reserves with herons, tortoises and tranquility. (These we will not name, to ensure that they are not swamped with visitors, look at maps and seek them out yourselves!)

partying and holidays - les fêtes et les vacances

Like all French people, the Landais make the most of their holidays, whether national holidays or vacations from work and school. The Landais are particularly keen on communal events, with even the smallest village having its summer Fête, and often further events are organised - festivals, fairs, feasts, competitions of all sorts. Included with the fêtes will be music, often provided by a local banda or harmonie - brass bands. The summer season, from late June through to early September, from near the end of the school year until the Rentrée, is one long party!

The waiter’s race at the summer fêtes of a seaside resort with many cafés

Beret-throwing, with fête-uniformed locals

feasting All fetes and fairs include feasting. Communal repasts are much enjoyed in Les Landes, whether it is the Pascal Omelette [Omelette de Pâques] that is usually cooked on Easter Monday, a bogéda, a sardinade, or a stall cooking burgers and chips [les frites]. These last are sometimes combined in a baguette to become the gourmand’s gastronomic monstrosity that is called an Américan! During the summer, eating is done outdoors in the warmth of the evening with the smoke from the barbeque grills spiraling skywards, while a disco plays recent and past French pop and disco anthems, as well as old favourites, in the background.

fêtes costume

As you may have noticed in the beret-throwing illustration above right, fêtes are often marked by the organisers and many of the participants dressing in a widespread local uniform. White tops and bottoms (whether shirt, blouse, t-shirt, trousers,skirt or dress) are completed by contrasting neck-scarf, waist sash and even a beret, all in red or possibly another strong colour, such as blue, green or yellow (the colour may be that of the local rugby or soccer team strip). This dressing for the occasion is particularly marked for the, often week-long, events involving bulls and cows. The nearby grand surfaces (large supermarkets) will sell all the necessary components of the uniform from three or so weeks before the local festival or fêtes. A complete outfit can cost about 15 to 20 euro [2007].

 

torros, corridas and cow-jumping

Almost every medium and large town in the southern parts of Les Landes has an arène, an arena used primarily for entertainments and sports with cows or bulls, though also used to hold other events such as a folk display. [Map and list of 179 arènes.]

Tauromachie - bull-fighting - is a well-established enthusiasm in southern France, as well as in Spain, although this is often not to the taste of the more urbain Anglo-Saxon. Tauromachie includes the “It’s a knockout”-type games that include heifers as part of the moving obstacles and challenges.

But in Les Landes, although there are some week-long corridas [bullfights] of red-blooded (and bloody) bull-fighting, there is also the much more civilised (to our minds) sport - the Course Landaise. Mind you, sometimes you can find a corrida portugaise [Portugeuse bullfight] where the animals are not killed, at least not in public view.

In the Course Landaise, both the animals and the human participants, the toreros, are awarded points for their prowess in their particular roles. The goal is for the écarteurs [swervers] and the sauteurs [jumpers] to provoke a semi-wild small cow, the coursière, to charge and, at the last, moment to avoid being gored by either swerving away from the animal, or by jumping over it, often in spectacular fashion.

A thin rope (corde) is tied to the animal’s head, enabling the cordier to both direct the animal’s rush to charge their provoker and to protect the sauteur, if necessary.

Points are awarded to the écarteurs and sauteurs, according to the riskiness of the manoeuvre, and the skill and elegance with which it was performed. The most points are received for the jump where the feet are enclosed in a beret and the legs tied about the knees. [This linked page has links to short videos of all the main jumping and swerving manoeuvres.] The cow (or rather its breeder) is awarded points for ferocity.

 Course Landaise, from the beginning of the 20th century

a short history of the Course Landaise

The Course Landaise certainly has many similarities to the sport of jumping over bulls practised in ancient Crete. However, it looks probable that the men of Les Landes came to their sport from a different route.

The earliest written mention of the Course Landaise was in the 15th century. In those days, the animals were let run through the streets, the objective being to run with the cows or bulls and get close enough to touch one without being knocked over. From this behaviour, racing the animals, comes the name Course, la course meaning ‘the race’ in French.

During the 19th century, there were two events that changed the Course Landaise to become the sport of today. Firstly, came the regulation that the Courses only be held in enclosed, terraced arenas. From this limitation of space was born, first the swerve and then the jump, the two main artistic and atheletic moves.

Secondly, in 1853, Spanish cows and bulls were introduced. These turned out to be better suited to this sport than the local Landais animals. At the end of the 19th century, rubber buttons put on the end of the horns became obligatory, while the rope and the rope holder appeared soon after. To complete the picture of Course Landaise as it is known today, the toreros adopted the dress they still wear today: white trousers, a tie, a wide sash as used to be worn for Sunday best, and a coloured short jacket or bolero, with gold or silver sequins - similar to that worn as part of a bullfighter’s suit of lights.

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end notes

1. Thérèse Desqueyroux [TD] by François Mauriac, first published in 1927.
   

   Thérèse by François Mauriac (Author), Gerard Hopkins (Translator) Penguin Books Ltd (Penguin Modern Classics), 2002 ISBN-10: 0141186224 ISBN-13: 978-0141186221 £7.19 [amazon.co.uk]
   	Thérèse Desqueyroux by François Mauriac (Author), Raymond N. Mackenzie (Translator) Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 2005 ISBN-10: 0742548651 ISBN-13: 978-0742548657 $17.95 [amazon.com] £9.31 [amazon.co.uk]
   Therese Desqueyroux by François Mauriac [edition in French] Livre de Poche, 1995 ISBN-10: 2253004219 ISBN-13: 978-2253004219 £3.51 [amazon.co.uk]

   
   The translation by Gerard Hopkins (1892-1961, novelist and translator) was published by Eyre and Spottiswood in 1947, and since has been republished by Penguin Books under the title, Thérèse. This is the translation to find and read, either if you have problems reading TD in French, or you wish to verify your own translation. This version is bound with further Hopkins translations of stories by Mauriac on TD’s life. The other stories included are Thérèse chez le docteur, Thérèse à la hôtel and La fin de la nuit. They are not so interesting or well written as the first book.
   
   Thérèse Desqueyroux, published by Rowman and Littlefield and translated by Raymond N. Mackenzie, is a much more recent translation. As such, some readers may find it more accessible, while others (being ‘purists’) may prefer the Hopkins version that tends to reflect the original French text more closely.
   
   François Mauriac, born in Bordeaux in 1885, was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1952. He died in 1970. Living in occupied France during WW2, Mauriac worked with the Resistance, writing against the Nazi occupiers and was forced to go into hiding. Maurice also spoke out against the French occupation of Algeria, and was a devote catholic. He owned an estate at Malagar. His heirs donated the Malagar estate to the Regional Council of Aquitaine in 1985.
   
   The wine-producing property of Malagar, situated not far from Bordeaux, was a haven of peace for the novelist. There, he rediscovered his roots and found a source of inspiration for his writing. Malagar is an estate in a wine-making region, with a family mansion, vines, two wine storehouses, outbuildings and a beautiful terrace overlooking the Garonne valley. An excellent restoration has made it also a cultural, research and meeting centre: the François-Mauriac Centre.
   
   The demarcation line between the occupied and free French zones ran right through Mauriac’s property at Malagar and by autumn 1940, a German officer and his subordinates were billeted on the first floor of his home. Mauriac and his wife, the four children and the maid, all moved to the ground floor where they would remain until 1944.
   Centre François Mauriac de Malagar
   Domaine de Malagar - 33490 Saint-Maixant
   Information: +33 (0) 5 57 98 17 17 - Fax: +33 (0) 5 57 98 17 19 Visits: +33 (0) 5 57 98 17 16
   Contact: cfmm@cr-aquitaine.fr
   
   
2. The name Chalosse, or Shalòssa, probably has its origin in the Gascon phrase sal hossa which would translate into land of salt beds, coming from sau - salt and hossa - pit (fosse in French).
   
   
3. ecomuseum: [écomusée in French]

   The prefix eco- in France often is an abbreviation of economic, or economy. Thus ecomuseums are devoted to the history of particular aspects of the local economy. In Les Landes, as well as the Armagnac Ecomuseum, the Ecomuseum centred around Sabres features the industries and life based around growing pine tress.
   
   

4. During the Mid-Miocene epoch, between 11 and 16 million years ago, the Atlantic Ocean invaded the Aquitanian Basin, including Bas-Armagnac. The sea laid down continental deposits that are now grouped under the general term of “Fawn-coloured Sands”. These continental deposits include molasse [see to right] - sandstones, shales, or even gravel - that laid as shore or foreland layers containing fossils of many terrestrial species. Bas-Armagnac soil is composed of clay-silicate layers, covered by ochre sands and a fine clay now used for making ceramics. From these deposits are produced elegant brandies with delicate bouquets, particularly with nuances of prune.
   
   
5. Bas-Armagnac is also known as Armagnac Noir. This means Black Armagnac, probably so called because of the dense woods that loom on the hilly terrain.
   Haut-Armagnac is also known as Armagnac-blanc - White Armagnac, because of its white chalky soils.
   
   
6. rentrée:

   The general return to work after the summer break, which includes the start of the new) school year. The rentrée is also when the Parliament starts again after its summer recess. This word extends out, from these end-of-summer events to mean autumn itself. At times, you have the impression that the year starts at this time, rather than in January, because so many institutions come back to xork (or study) at this time.
   
   

7. bodéga:

   Spanish for a wine celler or grocery store;
   Occitan for a lute-like musical instrument.
   In this usage, a Spanish-style communal meal with dancing, wine and food cooked à la plancha (on a hotplate or griddle).
   
   

8. sardinade:

   Freshly caught sardines grilled on a barbeque, eaten with fresh baguettes and white or rosé wine. Tabasco sauce may be sprinkled on the fish.
   Sardinade also refers to a communal sardine dinner, often organised as a communal barbeque.
   
   

9. gourmand:

   Someone who knows about food; loving it, they eat in large quantities, and often with a sweet tooth.

   gourmet:

   A person who has expert knowledge about food and drink, appreciating subtle differences in flavour, or quality. Nero Wolfe is a gourmet.

   gourmandise:

   gluttony

   gourmandises:

   sweets, candies
   
   

10. Berets, now worn by military forces all over the world, but often reagrded as old-fashioned by younger French people, were first made by the shepherds in the Bearn region of Gascony, practical woollen headwear that protected from wind, rain, cold, was used as a mushroom basket. For the French of other times, a boy was given a beret when he wet to school, a sign that he was growing up to be a man.
    
    Beret colours and sizes vary according to the region. For the Courses Landaises, berets are often red, complementing the common fêtes ‘uniform’ colours. Les Landes also has some very large diameter berets. Everyday berets are black, and in Les Landes often shaped and worn so they look like a British cloth cap, pulled forward to provide shade over the eyes.
    
    There is a museum of the Beret, the Musée du Béret at Nay in Pyrenees Atlantique. [Linked site in French only.]
    

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